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int x = 10;  x += x--;  value of x? x += x--; This is equivalent to: x = x + x--; Which is equivalent to: int a1 = x; // a1 = 10,...

int[,] array2D = new int[,] { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 }, { 5, 6 }, { 7, 8 } }; // Accessing array elements. System.Console.WriteLine(array2D[0...

A class can be declared static, indicating that it contains only static members. It is not possible to create instances of a static class u...

A sealed class cannot be inherited. It is an error to use a sealed class as a base class. Use the sealed modifier in a class declaration to...

An abstract class cannot be instantiated. The purpose of an abstract class is to provide a common definition of a base class that multiple d...

Harvard architecture The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and signal pathways for instruct...

CISC A complex instruction set computer CISC A complex instruction set computer (CISC) is a computer where single instructions can execut...

RISC Reduced instruction set computing, or RISC  is a CPU design strategy based on the insight that simplified (as opposed to complex) ins...

Fuzzy logic Fuzzy logic iss a form of many-valued logic or probabilistic logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fi...

Infix notation Infix notation is the common arithmetic and logical formula notation, in which operators are written infix-style between t...

throw and throws are java keywords and Throwable is a super class for errors and exceptions. Only the objects of the Throwable can be thr...

middleware is computer software that provides services to software applications beyond those available from the operating system. The term...

MySQL community server database,  mysql connector, mysql workbench download MySQL Community Server: http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/...

You have a code fragment that can be grouped together. Turn the fragment into a method whose name explains the purpose of the method. ...

Defining Refactoring         Refactoring (noun): a change made to the internal structure of software to make it easier to understand and...

10 Object Oriented Design principles Java programmer should know Object oriented design principle 1 -  DRY (Don't repeat yourself) O...

if (a > b) { max = a; } else { max = b; } or shortly max = (a > b) ? a : b; http://www.cafeaulait.org/course/week2/43.ht...

1) Define Web Service? A web service is a kind of software that is accessible on the Internet. It makes use of the XML messaging system and ...

About inheritance In this article, I'll be talking about single inheritance through class extension, as in: class Fruit {     //... } cl...

inheritance vs  delegation java Inheritance is used to create a hierarchical-type code structure that tries to keep as much “common” code...

Lazy initialization In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of ...

Memento Design Pattern Intent     Without violating encapsulation, capture and externalize an object’s internal state so that the ...

Template Method Design Pattern Intent     Define the skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to client subcla...

State Design Pattern Intent     Allow an object to alter its behavior when its internal state changes. The object will appear to ch...

Null Object pattern a Null Object is an object with defined neutral ("null") behavior. The Null Object design pattern descr...

Mediator Design Pattern Intent     Define an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact. Mediator promotes loose couplin...

Interpreter Design Pattern Intent     Given a language, define a representation for its grammar along with an interpreter that uses the...

Rules of thumb     Chain of Responsibility, Command, Mediator, and Observer, address how you can decouple senders and receivers, but ...

Command pattern command pattern is a behavioural design pattern in which an object is used to represent and encapsulate all the inform...

Prototype Pattern Intent     Specify the kinds of objects to create using a prototypical instance, and create new objects by copyin...

Object Pool Design Pattern Intent Object pooling can offer a significant performance boost; it is most effective in situations wher...

Builder  Pattern Intent     Separate the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction pro...

Private class data pattern Intent The private class data design pattern seeks to reduce exposure of attributes by limiting their vi...

Ask Them to Solve a Problem Josh Bloch: I like to ask a candidate to solve a small-scale design problem, finger exercises, to see how ...

How to Calculate the Hamming Code Hamming codes are used to insert error correction information into data streams. The codes are desi...

SYSVOL Replication Migration Guide: FRS to DFS Replication Domain controllers use a special shared folder named SYSVOL to replicate lo...

Database Mirroring Terms and Definitions Database mirroring is a solution for increasing the availability of a SQL Server database. Mirr...

Group Policy slow link detection Defines a slow connection for purposes of applying and updating Group Policy. If the rate at which data ...

IP Routing Protocols (Dynamic) There are several dynamic routing protocols for IP. Here are some of the more common dynamic routing pro...