fog computing

• Fog computing is a system-level horizontal architecture that distributes resources and services of computing, storage, control and networking anywhere along the continuum from Cloud to Things

https://www.openfogconsortium.org/what-we-do/#definition-of-fog-computing

• Instead, the IoT will be encouraged with “fog computing,” by that storage, computing, handle and media power can exist anyplace across the structure, possibly from data centres, the cloud computing, advantage devices like gateways or routers, and advantage equipment itself as for instance, for instance, a system, or even from detectors.

https://erpinnews.com/fog-computing-architecture

• From Cloud-Based to Fog-Based

When users are working with data stored in cloud-based application, such as Dropbox or Google Docs, their data doesn't live on their computers -- it lives in remote data centers. But when using the cloud for applications that demand a virtually instantaneous response, like telemedicine or smart transportation, the distance between user and cloud becomes a concern. Researchers are addressing it with something called mobile edge computing.
"Mobile edge computing is cloud computing brought physically closer to the user," Krunz said. "We sometimes call it fog computing, because clouds are farther away while fog is closer."
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-12/uoac-fcl120618.php

XOR

• Basics of XORing

Shikata_ga_nai is an encoding module in Metasploit that XORs the payload through multiple iterations (the number of iterations is up to you), thereby changing the payload's signature. When the payload bypasses the security devices and the AV software, it then reverses the XORing and the payload is executed normally on the victim's system.

What Is XOR?
​XOR stands for eXclusive OR. In logic and in everyday language, an OR can mean that either statement is true or both are true.
So, if I say, "The sky is cloudy OR the sky is blue," it will evaluate to true if either statement is true or if the sky is blue AND cloudy.
It is used throughout computing for numerous purposes, including the encryption of the payload using shikata_ga_nai, error checking, and setting parity bits on a RAID, among many other things.

Truth Table
In the case of XOR, there are only four possible cases
Note that whenever the two inputs are the same (00, 11) they evaluate to false. whenever the two inputs are different (10, 01) the XOR evaluates to true. So, to summarize, same is 0 and different is 1

XOR Cipher
The XOR cipher is a relatively simple cipher that encrypts the input by using a key that is then XORed against the input to create an output.

XOR in RAIDS
XOR is used in RAID levels 3–6 for creating parity information.

XOR in Error Checking
XORing is also implemented in CRC, or cyclic redundancy check, a common method in computing to detect whether any accidental errors have entered the data.
CRC is used for error checking in TCP, hard drives, cell phones, and nearly every other type of data transmission.
https://www.hackers-arise.com/basics-of-xoring

• XOR Cipher

XOR Encryption is an encryption method used to encrypt data and is hard to crack by brute-force method, i.e generating random encryption keys to match with the correct one.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/xor-cipher/

• XOR Cipher is a cryptographic method developed with computers. Is consists in encrypting a binary message with a repeated key using a XOR multiplication

https://www.dcode.fr/xor-cipher

• In cryptography, the simple XOR cipher is a type of additive cipher an encryption algorithm that operates according to the principles

With this logic, a string of text can be encrypted by applying the bitwise XOR operator to every character using a given key. To decrypt the output, merely reapplying the XOR function with the key will remove the cipher.

For example, the string "Wiki" (01010111 01101001 01101011 01101001 in 8-bit ASCII) can be encrypted with the repeating key 11110011 as follows:
And conversely, for decryption:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_cipher